» যে শব্দ গুলো থাকলে
present indefinite tense হবে: sometimes, often, usually, every+time (hour, day,
year etc.), now and then, always, seldom, regularly; Generally ; Normally;
Daily; Every time; Frequently; Twice a year; Occasionally;
Every(day/week/morning); on Mondays; In summer; ;
উপরোক্ত Adverb গুলো কোন বাক্যে থাকলে সাধারণত present indefinite tense হয়।
মনে রাখতে হবে, Present indefinite tense এর Subject যদি Third person singular number হয়, তাহলে তার Principal verb এর শেষে s /es যোগ করতে হয়।
যথাঃ The moon shines at night. / Shaheen usually plays tennis once or twice a week. / Rabindranath’s stories often have surprise endings.
মনে রাখতে হবে, Present indefinite tense এর Subject যদি Third person singular number হয়, তাহলে তার Principal verb এর শেষে s /es যোগ করতে হয়।
যথাঃ The moon shines at night. / Shaheen usually plays tennis once or twice a week. / Rabindranath’s stories often have surprise endings.
» Rule 2. সাধারণত কোন
বাক্য দ্বারা Habitual fact , universal truth, historical truth , near future ,
scientific fact , quotations এবং exclamatory sentence বুঝালে present indefinite
tense হয়। Example : He takes tea every day. - Habitual fact / The earth moves
round the sun. - Universal truth / India wins freedom in 1947. - Historical
truth / Ice floats on water. - Scientific fact / Keats says, beauty is truth,
truth beauty. - Quotations / Here comes the bus! - Exclamatory sentence
Present continuous
tense- S + am/is/ are + V ing + Ext
» Rule 3.
Now; At this moment; At present ; Day by day; Now and now; Today; Right now / tonight; This year; gradually; increasingly
উপরোক্ত Word এবং phrase গুলো কোন বাক্যে থাকলে তা present continuous tense হয়। Example : The baby is crying at present because it is hungry now. / The sun is shining in the eastern sky now.
Now; At this moment; At present ; Day by day; Now and now; Today; Right now / tonight; This year; gradually; increasingly
উপরোক্ত Word এবং phrase গুলো কোন বাক্যে থাকলে তা present continuous tense হয়। Example : The baby is crying at present because it is hungry now. / The sun is shining in the eastern sky now.
» Rule 4. নিচের Verb
গুলো [(1. Verbs of perception (উপলব্দিসূচক ক্রিয়া) 2. Verb of appearing (মনে
হওয়া সূচক ক্রিয়া) 3. Verb of emotion (আবেগসূচক ক্রিয়া) 4. Verbs of thinking
(চিন্তাসূচক ক্রিয়া) ] সাধারণত present continuous tense হয় না। বরং present
indefinite tense হয়।
Agree; Appear; Adore; Belong; Believe; Care; Contain; Consider; Desire; Dislike; Detest; Depend; Expect; Feel; Fear; Forget; Hate; Hear; Hope; Love; Like; Mind; Mean; notice; Need; know; Owe; Observe; Prefer; Possess; Prescribe; Remember; Refuse; Recall; see; Seem; Smell; Trust; Think; Value; Understand; Want; Wish; Be; Pity; Envy; Remember; Intend; Deserve; Lack; Matter; own; ;
Example :
Incorrect: Anwar is knowing me. Correct: Anwar knows me.
Incorrect: He is believing me now. Correct: He believes me now.
Agree; Appear; Adore; Belong; Believe; Care; Contain; Consider; Desire; Dislike; Detest; Depend; Expect; Feel; Fear; Forget; Hate; Hear; Hope; Love; Like; Mind; Mean; notice; Need; know; Owe; Observe; Prefer; Possess; Prescribe; Remember; Refuse; Recall; see; Seem; Smell; Trust; Think; Value; Understand; Want; Wish; Be; Pity; Envy; Remember; Intend; Deserve; Lack; Matter; own; ;
Example :
Incorrect: Anwar is knowing me. Correct: Anwar knows me.
Incorrect: He is believing me now. Correct: He believes me now.
Present perfect tense-
S + have /has +V3 +Ext
Example : We have not had a holiday since the beginning of the year
Example : We have not had a holiday since the beginning of the year
» Rule 5. নিম্নোক্ত
Adverb বা adverbial phrase কোন sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হলে তা present perfect tense
হয়।
Already; Just; Just now; Lately; Ever; Recently; So far; Till; For a long time; For; Since; Still / yet; In the last few days;
Example : He has been ill since Friday last. / He has just gone out.
Already; Just; Just now; Lately; Ever; Recently; So far; Till; For a long time; For; Since; Still / yet; In the last few days;
Example : He has been ill since Friday last. / He has just gone out.
Present perfect
continuous tense- S + have been /has been + V ing + Ext
Present perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since (নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for (অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example:
He has been suffering from fever for four days. / He has been playing since 4.00 pm.
Present perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since (নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for (অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example:
He has been suffering from fever for four days. / He has been playing since 4.00 pm.
» Rule 6. নির্দিষ্ট
সময় বা অনির্দিষ্ট সময় নিয়ে কোন কাজ চলছে বোঝাতে Present perfect continuous tense
ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ We have been learning English since our childhood.
2. Past Tenses
========
Past Indefinite Tense- S + V2 +Ext
» Rule 1. নিম্নোক্ত শব্দ গুলো কোন sentence এ থাকলে তা Past indefinite tense হয়।
Ago; Yesterday; Long time; Long since; Wish; Once; It is time; It is high time
Example: He came home yesterday. / The steamer sailed a week ago. / I had to go to hospital last Friday.
========
Past Indefinite Tense- S + V2 +Ext
» Rule 1. নিম্নোক্ত শব্দ গুলো কোন sentence এ থাকলে তা Past indefinite tense হয়।
Ago; Yesterday; Long time; Long since; Wish; Once; It is time; It is high time
Example: He came home yesterday. / The steamer sailed a week ago. / I had to go to hospital last Friday.
» Rule 2. অতীতের
অনিয়মিত অভ্যাস বুঝাতে used to অথবা would হয়। Subject + would / used to + verb
এর present form + ….. যেমনঃ Apurba would / used to play
cricket every afternoon.
» Rule 3. অতীত কালের
অভ্যাস বুঝাতে Often , always , usually , regularly ইত্যাদি যোগ করে simple past
tense ব্যবহৃত করা যায়। Example : He watered the plants regularly. (Water এখানে
verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যার অর্থ পানি দেওয়া)
Past continuous tense-
S + was / were + V ing + Ext
» Rule 4. অতীত কালের
দুটি কাজের মধ্যে চলমান কাজটি Past continuous tense হয় এবং অন্য কাজটি past
indefinite tense হয়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের structure হলো-
When + subject (1) simple past + subject (2) + past continuous. Example:
When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work, his wife was sleeping.
Or : Subject (1) + past continuous + when + subject (2) + simple past. Example:
We were doing a test when the lights went out.
-অতীতকালের দুটি কাজ একই সময়ে চলছিল বুঝালে উভয়টি Past হয়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের structure হলো-
Subject (1)+ past continuous + while + subject (2)+ past continuous. Example:
Robin was playing football while Abu Talha was watching TV.
Or: While + subject (1)+ past continuous + subject (2) + past continuous
While Byezid was travelling , Imtiaz was flying by plane.
Past perfect tense- S + had +V3 +Ext
When + subject (1) simple past + subject (2) + past continuous. Example:
When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work, his wife was sleeping.
Or : Subject (1) + past continuous + when + subject (2) + simple past. Example:
We were doing a test when the lights went out.
-অতীতকালের দুটি কাজ একই সময়ে চলছিল বুঝালে উভয়টি Past হয়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের structure হলো-
Subject (1)+ past continuous + while + subject (2)+ past continuous. Example:
Robin was playing football while Abu Talha was watching TV.
Or: While + subject (1)+ past continuous + subject (2) + past continuous
While Byezid was travelling , Imtiaz was flying by plane.
Past perfect tense- S + had +V3 +Ext
» Rule-5.
অতীতকালের দুটি ঘটনার মধ্যে যেটি আগে ঘটে সেটি Past perfect tense হয় এবং পরেরটি past indefinite tense হয়। Before এর আগের বাক্য এবং after এর পরের বাক্য past perfect হয়। উল্লেখ্য উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই অন্য বাক্যটি Past indefinite হয়।যেমনঃ My friend had left before I came. / She told me his name after he had left.
-No sooner ……than, scarcely….. when, hardly …… when / before দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি sentence এর প্রথমটি past perfect tense হয় এবং পরের টি past indefinite tense হয়। Structure: { No sooner / scarcely / hardly } + had + subject + verb past perfect + { than / when / before } + past indefinite tense. যেমনঃ No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
অতীতকালের দুটি ঘটনার মধ্যে যেটি আগে ঘটে সেটি Past perfect tense হয় এবং পরেরটি past indefinite tense হয়। Before এর আগের বাক্য এবং after এর পরের বাক্য past perfect হয়। উল্লেখ্য উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই অন্য বাক্যটি Past indefinite হয়।যেমনঃ My friend had left before I came. / She told me his name after he had left.
-No sooner ……than, scarcely….. when, hardly …… when / before দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি sentence এর প্রথমটি past perfect tense হয় এবং পরের টি past indefinite tense হয়। Structure: { No sooner / scarcely / hardly } + had + subject + verb past perfect + { than / when / before } + past indefinite tense. যেমনঃ No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
Past perfect continuous tense- S + had been + V ing + Ext
Past perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since (নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for (অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example: He had been suffering from fever for four days. / He had been playing since 4.00 pm.
Past perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since (নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for (অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example: He had been suffering from fever for four days. / He had been playing since 4.00 pm.
» Rule- 6. অতীতে দীর্ঘ
সময় বা নির্দিষ্ট সময় বা অনির্দিষ্ট সময় নিয়ে কোন কাজ চলছিল বোঝাতে Past perfect
continuous tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ We had been learning English since our childhood.
3. Future Tenses
=======
Future indefinite tense- S + shall /will +V1 +Ext
» Rule- 1: নিম্নের verb এবং adverb গুলো বক্তার ভবিষ্যত সম্পর্কিত ধারণা, অনুমান ও মতামত বুঝায়। তাই এদের ক্ষেত্রে future indefinite tense হয়।
assume; ; be afraid; doubt; daresay; expect; hope; feel; know; suppose; think; wonder; possible; ; perhaps
Example : I believe Ashraful will help me. / I know Rajib will play football.
=======
Future indefinite tense- S + shall /will +V1 +Ext
» Rule- 1: নিম্নের verb এবং adverb গুলো বক্তার ভবিষ্যত সম্পর্কিত ধারণা, অনুমান ও মতামত বুঝায়। তাই এদের ক্ষেত্রে future indefinite tense হয়।
assume; ; be afraid; doubt; daresay; expect; hope; feel; know; suppose; think; wonder; possible; ; perhaps
Example : I believe Ashraful will help me. / I know Rajib will play football.
» Rule-2: ভবিষ্যতে কোন
কাজ সংঘঠিত হবে বুঝালে কিংবা বাক্যের মধ্যে tomorrow (আগামীকাল), next বাচক শব্দ (
next week আগামী সপ্তাহে, next night আগামী রাত্রে) coming বাচক শব্দ (coming
month আগত /আগামী মাস) ইত্যাদি থাকলে বাক্যটি future indefinite tense এর হয়। যথাঃ
I shall go there next Friday. (পরবর্তী শুক্রবারে আমি সেখানে যাব।)
Future perfect tense - S + shall have / will have +V3 +Ext
Future perfect tense - S + shall have / will have +V3 +Ext
»
Rule-3:
কোন বাক্যে By time , by then , by that time , by the 5th , by the end দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে সেই বাক্যটি future perfect tense হয়। Example: By the end of the lesson , you will have written an essay.
কোন বাক্যে By time , by then , by that time , by the 5th , by the end দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে সেই বাক্যটি future perfect tense হয়। Example: By the end of the lesson , you will have written an essay.
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